The taxonomic position of an actinobacterium, designated CPCC 204380^T, which was isolated from a rhizosphere soil sample of the plant Calligonum mongolicum collected from Xinjiang Province, China, was established using a polyphasic approach. Vegetative hyphae developed well and globose bodies formed from aged hyphae. Spore chains that differentiated from the vegetative hyphae contained non-motile rod-shaped spores. The peptidoglycan contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and 3-hydroxydiaminopimelic acid as the diagnostic amino acids. The acyl type of the peptidoglycan was glycolyl. Glucose, mannose, ribose and xylose were detected in whole-cell hydrolysates. The predominant menaquinone was MK-10(H₈), followed by MK-10(H₆) and MK-10(H₄). The polar lipid profile consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylinositol and phosphatidylinositol mannoside. The major fatty acids were iso-C_15 : 0, iso-C_16 : 0 and C_17 : 1ω9c. The genomic G+C content was 64.9 mol%. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain CPCC 204380^T should be placed in the family Micromonosporaceae, in which it formed a distinct lineage next to the genera Rhizocola, Catellatospora, Catelliglobosispora, Hamadaea and Allocatelliglobosispora. It shared the highest 16S rRNA gene sequence similarities with Rhizocola hellebori K12-0602^T (96.1 %), Catellatospora chokoriensis 2-25/1^T (95.9 %), Catelliglobosispora koreensis DSM 44566^T (95.9 %), Hamadaea tsunoensis DSM 44101^T (95.3 %) and Allocatelliglobosispora scoriae Sco-B14 ^T (94.2 %), and less than 94.0 % sequence similarity with other validly described species. The combination of phylogenetic analysis and phenotypic characteristics supported the proposal of strain CPCC 204380^T as representing a novel species of a new genus in the family Micromonosporaceae, for which the name Allorhizocola rhizosphaerae gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. CPCC 204380^T (=DSM 102292^T=KCTC 39746 ^T) is the type strain of the type species.